Vol. 6, Issue 1, Part A (2024)

Benzene is a substantial monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that serves as a feeder chemical in the production of lubricants, detergents, rubber, dyes, and insecticides in addition to serving as a solvent in a number of industrial and commercial operations. Through the working environment, a significant portion of the population is occupationally exposed to benzene. Chronic exposure to benzene causes a steady deterioration in haematological function and raises the risk of a number of diseases, such as leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, and myelo-dysplastic syndrome. There is some information that organic solvents, particularly benzene, might cause cell harm by releasing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, people exposed to organic solvents like benzene, which is characterised by reactive metabolic intermediates, may have a greater risk of cancer. Liver, peripheral blood and other tissues are all affected by benzophene, which can cause many enzyme activities to change. This can reduce the activity of antioxidant enzymes and cause oxidative stress, which is the imbalance between the rate at which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced and consumed by antioxidants. Four significant liver marker enzymes, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and aspartate amino transferase (AST), which are used to assess hepatotoxicity, are affected by benzene. By attaching to tissue protein, DNA, and RNA, benzene manifests its harmful consequences either directly or through its metabolites. Adenosine deaminase (ADA), a vital enzyme of purine metabolism, is affected by benzene in serum as well as the liver, where its activity is decreased after exposure to benzene. The purpose of this review is to determine the mechanistic basis of benzene's role in liver damage.